Bounds and history#

A query accepts four bounds that protect the engine. bind reads the database at an earlier transaction, or over facts that you supply for one query. Each example reads the same five entities as Queries.

Bounds#

Each bound is a member of the query document. Zero gives no explicit bound. Queries still receive a dynamic cost budget when maxCost is zero. Each bound has its own rejection.

maxResults counts the rows that remain after orderBy, distinct and the window clauses. The engine rejects five result rows against a bound of two.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
0A	0E 0D 00 0100 010000 00 04000000	array leaf, size 13, shift 0, bitmap 0001, count 1 (root): @4
17	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
1A	6C 73616C617279	txt "salary"
21	4C 3F73616C	txt "?sal"
26	0E 15 00 0700 030000 00 17000000 1A0000 00 21000000	array leaf, size 21, shift 0, bitmap 0007, count 3 (root): @17 → @1A → @21
3B	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
3E	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
43	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
49	0E 15 00 0700 030000 00 3B000000 3E0000 00 43000000	array leaf, size 21, shift 0, bitmap 0007, count 3 (root): @3B → @3E → @43
5E	0E 11 00 0300 020000 00 26000000 490000 00	array leaf, size 17, shift 0, bitmap 0003, count 2 (root): @26 → @49
6F	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
75	0E 0D 00 0100 010000 00 6F000000	array leaf, size 13, shift 0, bitmap 0001, count 1 (root): @6F
82	5C 7768657265	txt "where"
88	0F 0A 82000000 5E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @82 → @5E
92	AC 6D617852657375 6C7473	txt "maxResults"
9D	02 02000000000000 00	i64 2
A6	0F 0A 92000000 9D00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @92 → @9D
B0	07 0E 04010000 8800 0000 A6000000	map branch, size 14, depth 1, slots 2, 8: @88 → @A6
BE	4C 66696E64	txt "find"
C3	0F 0A BE000000 0A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @BE → @A
CD	7C 6F726465724279	txt "orderBy"
D5	0F 0A CD000000 7500 0000	map leaf, size 10: @CD → @75
DF	07 12 2A000000 B000 0000 C3000000 D500 0000	map branch, size 18, depth 0 (root), slots 1, 3, 5: @B0 → @C3 → @D5
F1	DF000000 00000000	root → @DF; previous: none

The caller can also give maxCost with the request, beside the document. Stardust then uses the smaller of the two values.

The engine measures CPU time from the start of query execution through result construction. It includes planning, fact scans, expressions, native helpers and rendering on that thread. It excludes time spent waiting and work on other threads. It varies between runs and is neither a bytecode count nor an instruction count.

The public API returns rows, with optional explain records for individual calls. The query-run record stops before later page reads.

A positive maxCost limits this measured time. A clock read has a cost, so the engine schedules its checks. Checks occur less often while the limit is far and more often as the limit comes near. It reads the clock again after rendering.

A query can pass the limit by a small amount before the next check. It can pass it by more when its work suddenly becomes slower or a single helper runs for a long time. Without a positive maxCost, Stardust derives a CPU time budget from query structure and rows handled. The other bounds apply to rows and bytes independently.

Result memory#

The database's memory_budget_bytes option also limits result construction. Ordering, grouping and distinct use temporary sorted runs when their records do not fit in memory. Collected aggregate inputs and windows read these runs. The engine removes its temporary runs when their owner closes.

A single collected value, the minimum workspace or a requested output document can still exceed the budget. That operation returns out_of_memory. Reading small pages lets a caller process a large result with bounded engine memory.

Each returned page is independent of its cursor and database. Pages that the caller keeps use caller-owned memory. Binding operations such as all_pages collect these pages in caller-owned memory and can grow with the full result.

Reading an earlier transaction#

bind.with.db reads the database as it was. asOf accepts a transaction id, a UTC instant, or a duration relative to now. Transaction ids start at 1.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
000	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
004	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
00A	0E 0D 00 0100 010000 00 04000000	array leaf, size 13, shift 0, bitmap 0001, count 1 (root): @4
017	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
01A	6C 73616C617279	txt "salary"
021	4C 3F73616C	txt "?sal"
026	0E 15 00 0700 030000 00 17000000 1A0000 00 21000000	array leaf, size 21, shift 0, bitmap 0007, count 3 (root): @17 → @1A → @21
03B	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
03E	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
043	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
049	0E 15 00 0700 030000 00 3B000000 3E0000 00 43000000	array leaf, size 21, shift 0, bitmap 0007, count 3 (root): @3B → @3E → @43
05E	0E 11 00 0300 020000 00 26000000 490000 00	array leaf, size 17, shift 0, bitmap 0003, count 2 (root): @26 → @49
06F	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
075	0E 0D 00 0100 010000 00 6F000000	array leaf, size 13, shift 0, bitmap 0001, count 1 (root): @6F
082	4C 61734F66	txt "asOf"
087	02 06000000000000 00	i64 6
090	0F 0A 82000000 8700 0000	map leaf, size 10: @82 → @87
09A	2C 6462	txt "db"
09D	0F 0A 9A000000 9000 0000	map leaf, size 10: @9A → @90
0A7	4C 77697468	txt "with"
0AC	0F 0A A7000000 9D00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @A7 → @9D
0B6	5C 7768657265	txt "where"
0BC	0F 0A B6000000 5E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @B6 → @5E
0C6	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
0CB	0F 0A C6000000 AC00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @C6 → @AC
0D5	4C 66696E64	txt "find"
0DA	0F 0A D5000000 0A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @D5 → @A
0E4	07 0E 01200000 CB00 0000 DA000000	map branch, size 14, depth 1, slots 0, 13: @CB → @DA
0F2	7C 6F726465724279	txt "orderBy"
0FA	0F 0A F2000000 7500 0000	map leaf, size 10: @F2 → @75
104	07 12 2A000000 BC00 0000 E4000000 FA00 0000	map branch, size 18, depth 0 (root), slots 1, 3, 5: @BC → @E4 → @FA
116	04010000 00000000	root → @104; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
09	3C 416461	txt "Ada"
0D	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
17	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
1C	3C 426F62	txt "Bob"
20	0F 0A 17000000 1C00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @17 → @1C
2A	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
2F	2C 4379	txt "Cy"
32	0F 0A 2A000000 2F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @2A → @2F
3C	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
41	3C 44616E	txt "Dan"
45	0F 0A 3C000000 4100 0000	map leaf, size 10: @3C → @41
4F	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
54	3C 457665	txt "Eve"
58	0F 0A 4F000000 5400 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4F → @54
62	0E 1D 00 1F00 050000 00 0D000000 200000 00 32000000 450000 00 58000000	array leaf, size 29, shift 0, bitmap 001F, count 5 (root): @D → @20 → @32 → @45 → @58
7F	62000000 00000000	root → @62; previous: none

The seed patch creates all five entities atomically in transaction 6. A snapshot before that commit holds none of them.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 61734F66	txt "asOf"
09	02 05000000000000 00	i64 5
12	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
1C	2C 6462	txt "db"
1F	0F 0A 1C000000 1200 0000	map leaf, size 10: @1C → @12
29	4C 77697468	txt "with"
2E	0F 0A 29000000 1F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @29 → @1F
38	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
3D	0F 0A 38000000 2E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @38 → @2E
47	3D000000 00000000	root → @3D; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	0E 09 00 0000 000000 00	array leaf, size 9, shift 0, bitmap 0000, count 0 (root)
0D	04000000 00000000	root → @4; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 61734F66	txt "asOf"
09	02 01000000000000 00	i64 1
12	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
1C	2C 6462	txt "db"
1F	0F 0A 1C000000 1200 0000	map leaf, size 10: @1C → @12
29	4C 77697468	txt "with"
2E	0F 0A 29000000 1F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @29 → @1F
38	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
3D	0F 0A 38000000 2E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @38 → @2E
47	3D000000 00000000	root → @3D; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	0E 09 00 0000 000000 00	array leaf, size 9, shift 0, bitmap 0000, count 0 (root)
0D	04000000 00000000	root → @4; previous: none

A UTC instant selects the newest transaction committed at or before that time. An instant after the last commit selects the head transaction.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 23757463	txt "#utc"
09	14 14 323032372D30 312D30315430303A 30303A30305A	txt "2027-01-01T00:00:00Z"
1F	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
29	4C 61734F66	txt "asOf"
2E	0F 0A 29000000 1F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @29 → @1F
38	2C 6462	txt "db"
3B	0F 0A 38000000 2E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @38 → @2E
45	4C 77697468	txt "with"
4A	0F 0A 45000000 3B00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @45 → @3B
54	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
59	0F 0A 54000000 4A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @54 → @4A
63	59000000 00000000	root → @59; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
09	3C 416461	txt "Ada"
0D	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
17	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
1C	3C 426F62	txt "Bob"
20	0F 0A 17000000 1C00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @17 → @1C
2A	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
2F	2C 4379	txt "Cy"
32	0F 0A 2A000000 2F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @2A → @2F
3C	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
41	3C 44616E	txt "Dan"
45	0F 0A 3C000000 4100 0000	map leaf, size 10: @3C → @41
4F	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
54	3C 457665	txt "Eve"
58	0F 0A 4F000000 5400 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4F → @54
62	0E 1D 00 1F00 050000 00 0D000000 200000 00 32000000 450000 00 58000000	array leaf, size 29, shift 0, bitmap 001F, count 5 (root): @D → @20 → @32 → @45 → @58
7F	62000000 00000000	root → @62; previous: none

An instant before the first commit gives no facts.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 23757463	txt "#utc"
09	14 14 323032362D30 382D32325431323A 30303A30305A	txt "2026-08-22T12:00:00Z"
1F	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
29	4C 61734F66	txt "asOf"
2E	0F 0A 29000000 1F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @29 → @1F
38	2C 6462	txt "db"
3B	0F 0A 38000000 2E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @38 → @2E
45	4C 77697468	txt "with"
4A	0F 0A 45000000 3B00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @45 → @3B
54	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
59	0F 0A 54000000 4A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @54 → @4A
63	59000000 00000000	root → @59; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	0E 09 00 0000 000000 00	array leaf, size 9, shift 0, bitmap 0000, count 0 (root)
0D	04000000 00000000	root → @4; previous: none

A duration adds to the current time, so {#dur PT0S} reads the present. A negative duration reads the past, as {#dur -PT5S} does for five seconds ago.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 23647572	txt "#dur"
09	4C 50543053	txt "PT0S"
0E	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
18	4C 61734F66	txt "asOf"
1D	0F 0A 18000000 0E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @18 → @E
27	2C 6462	txt "db"
2A	0F 0A 27000000 1D00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @27 → @1D
34	4C 77697468	txt "with"
39	0F 0A 34000000 2A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @34 → @2A
43	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
48	0F 0A 43000000 3900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @43 → @39
52	48000000 00000000	root → @48; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
09	3C 416461	txt "Ada"
0D	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
17	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
1C	3C 426F62	txt "Bob"
20	0F 0A 17000000 1C00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @17 → @1C
2A	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
2F	2C 4379	txt "Cy"
32	0F 0A 2A000000 2F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @2A → @2F
3C	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
41	3C 44616E	txt "Dan"
45	0F 0A 3C000000 4100 0000	map leaf, size 10: @3C → @41
4F	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
54	3C 457665	txt "Eve"
58	0F 0A 4F000000 5400 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4F → @54
62	0E 1D 00 1F00 050000 00 0D000000 200000 00 32000000 450000 00 58000000	array leaf, size 29, shift 0, bitmap 001F, count 5 (root): @D → @20 → @32 → @45 → @58
7F	62000000 00000000	root → @62; previous: none

asOf, from, and to also accept input variables such as ?timestamp. Supply a transaction id, UTC instant, or duration through parameters. You can save the query before you supply the value. Execution without the required value gives Missing_Parameter.

An asOf query can use a schema clause. The current schema validates each entity's document at the selected transaction. The query excludes entities that do not exist at that transaction.

interval reads a window of transactions instead. It has from and to, and both ends are inside the window. Each end accepts a transaction id, a UTC instant, or a duration. An instant window that resolves inverted gives no facts.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 23757463	txt "#utc"
09	14 14 323032362D30 382D30315430303A 30303A30305A	txt "2026-08-01T00:00:00Z"
1F	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
29	4C 66726F6D	txt "from"
2E	0F 0A 29000000 1F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @29 → @1F
38	2C 746F	txt "to"
3B	02 1D000000000000 00	i64 29
44	0F 0A 38000000 3B00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @38 → @3B
4E	07 0E 00900000 2E00 0000 44000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 12, 15: @2E → @44
5C	8C 696E7465727661 6C	txt "interval"
65	0F 0A 5C000000 4E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @5C → @4E
6F	2C 6462	txt "db"
72	0F 0A 6F000000 6500 0000	map leaf, size 10: @6F → @65
7C	4C 77697468	txt "with"
81	0F 0A 7C000000 7200 0000	map leaf, size 10: @7C → @72
8B	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
90	0F 0A 8B000000 8100 0000	map leaf, size 10: @8B → @81
9A	90000000 00000000	root → @90; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
09	3C 416461	txt "Ada"
0D	0F 0A 04000000 0900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @9
17	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
1C	3C 426F62	txt "Bob"
20	0F 0A 17000000 1C00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @17 → @1C
2A	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
2F	2C 4379	txt "Cy"
32	0F 0A 2A000000 2F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @2A → @2F
3C	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
41	3C 44616E	txt "Dan"
45	0F 0A 3C000000 4100 0000	map leaf, size 10: @3C → @41
4F	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
54	3C 457665	txt "Eve"
58	0F 0A 4F000000 5400 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4F → @54
62	0E 1D 00 1F00 050000 00 0D000000 200000 00 32000000 450000 00 58000000	array leaf, size 29, shift 0, bitmap 001F, count 5 (root): @D → @20 → @32 → @45 → @58
7F	62000000 00000000	root → @62; previous: none

A fourth term in a fact clause binds the transaction of that fact.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
0A	3C 3F7478	txt "?tx"
0E	0E 11 00 0300 020000 00 04000000 0A0000 00	array leaf, size 17, shift 0, bitmap 0003, count 2 (root): @4 → @A
1F	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
22	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
27	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
2D	3C 3F7478	txt "?tx"
31	0E 19 00 0F00 040000 00 1F000000 220000 00 27000000 2D0000 00	array leaf, size 25, shift 0, bitmap 000F, count 4 (root): @1F → @22 → @27 → @2D
4A	0E 0D 00 0100 010000 00 31000000	array leaf, size 13, shift 0, bitmap 0001, count 1 (root): @31
57	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
5D	0E 0D 00 0100 010000 00 57000000	array leaf, size 13, shift 0, bitmap 0001, count 1 (root): @57
6A	5C 7768657265	txt "where"
70	0F 0A 6A000000 4A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @6A → @4A
7A	4C 66696E64	txt "find"
7F	0F 0A 7A000000 0E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @7A → @E
89	7C 6F726465724279	txt "orderBy"
91	0F 0A 89000000 5D00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @89 → @5D
9B	07 12 2A000000 7000 0000 7F000000 9100 0000	map branch, size 18, depth 0 (root), slots 1, 3, 5: @70 → @7F → @91
AD	9B000000 00000000	root → @9B; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
000	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
004	5C 236C696E6B	txt "#link"
00A	02 06000000000000 00	i64 6
013	0F 0A 04000000 0A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @A
01D	2C 7478	txt "tx"
020	0F 0A 1D000000 1300 0000	map leaf, size 10: @1D → @13
02A	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
02F	3C 416461	txt "Ada"
033	0F 0A 2A000000 2F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @2A → @2F
03D	07 0E 00C00000 2000 0000 33000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 14, 15: @20 → @33
04B	5C 236C696E6B	txt "#link"
051	02 06000000000000 00	i64 6
05A	0F 0A 4B000000 5100 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4B → @51
064	2C 7478	txt "tx"
067	0F 0A 64000000 5A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @64 → @5A
071	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
076	3C 426F62	txt "Bob"
07A	0F 0A 71000000 7600 0000	map leaf, size 10: @71 → @76
084	07 0E 00C00000 6700 0000 7A000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 14, 15: @67 → @7A
092	5C 236C696E6B	txt "#link"
098	02 06000000000000 00	i64 6
0A1	0F 0A 92000000 9800 0000	map leaf, size 10: @92 → @98
0AB	2C 7478	txt "tx"
0AE	0F 0A AB000000 A100 0000	map leaf, size 10: @AB → @A1
0B8	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
0BD	2C 4379	txt "Cy"
0C0	0F 0A B8000000 BD00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @B8 → @BD
0CA	07 0E 00C00000 AE00 0000 C0000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 14, 15: @AE → @C0
0D8	5C 236C696E6B	txt "#link"
0DE	02 06000000000000 00	i64 6
0E7	0F 0A D8000000 DE00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @D8 → @DE
0F1	2C 7478	txt "tx"
0F4	0F 0A F1000000 E700 0000	map leaf, size 10: @F1 → @E7
0FE	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
103	3C 44616E	txt "Dan"
107	0F 0A FE000000 0301 0000	map leaf, size 10: @FE → @103
111	07 0E 00C00000 F400 0000 07010000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 14, 15: @F4 → @107
11F	5C 236C696E6B	txt "#link"
125	02 06000000000000 00	i64 6
12E	0F 0A 1F010000 2501 0000	map leaf, size 10: @11F → @125
138	2C 7478	txt "tx"
13B	0F 0A 38010000 2E01 0000	map leaf, size 10: @138 → @12E
145	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
14A	3C 457665	txt "Eve"
14E	0F 0A 45010000 4A01 0000	map leaf, size 10: @145 → @14A
158	07 0E 00C00000 3B01 0000 4E010000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 14, 15: @13B → @14E
166	0E 1D 00 1F00 050000 00 3D000000 840000 00 CA000000 110100 00 58010000	array leaf, size 29, shift 0, bitmap 001F, count 5 (root): @3D → @84 → @CA → @111 → @158
183	66010000 00000000	root → @166; previous: none

When a temporal read is rejected#

db accepts asOf or interval, and it needs one of them.

Each of these conditions gives one error. This query reads transaction 0:

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
00	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
04	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
0A	0E 0D 00 0100 010000 00 04000000	array leaf, size 13, shift 0, bitmap 0001, count 1 (root): @4
17	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
1A	6C 73616C617279	txt "salary"
21	4C 3F73616C	txt "?sal"
26	0E 15 00 0700 030000 00 17000000 1A0000 00 21000000	array leaf, size 21, shift 0, bitmap 0007, count 3 (root): @17 → @1A → @21
3B	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
3E	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
43	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
49	0E 15 00 0700 030000 00 3B000000 3E0000 00 43000000	array leaf, size 21, shift 0, bitmap 0007, count 3 (root): @3B → @3E → @43
5E	0E 11 00 0300 020000 00 26000000 490000 00	array leaf, size 17, shift 0, bitmap 0003, count 2 (root): @26 → @49
6F	4C 61734F66	txt "asOf"
74	02 00000000000000 00	i64 0
7D	0F 0A 6F000000 7400 0000	map leaf, size 10: @6F → @74
87	2C 6462	txt "db"
8A	0F 0A 87000000 7D00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @87 → @7D
94	4C 77697468	txt "with"
99	0F 0A 94000000 8A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @94 → @8A
A3	5C 7768657265	txt "where"
A9	0F 0A A3000000 5E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @A3 → @5E
B3	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
B8	0F 0A B3000000 9900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @B3 → @99
C2	4C 66696E64	txt "find"
C7	0F 0A C2000000 0A00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @C2 → @A
D1	07 0E 01200000 B800 0000 C7000000	map branch, size 14, depth 1, slots 0, 13: @B8 → @C7
DF	07 0E 0A000000 A900 0000 D1000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 1, 3: @A9 → @D1
ED	DF000000 00000000	root → @DF; previous: none

Facts for one query#

bind.with.facts adds facts that the database does not hold. Each key is a UTC timestamp, and its value is a merge patch below entities, keyed by entity id, as Patches describes. Ada has ID 1 in this fixture.

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
000	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
004	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
00A	4C 3F73616C	txt "?sal"
00F	0E 11 00 0300 020000 00 04000000 0A0000 00	array leaf, size 17, shift 0, bitmap 0003, count 2 (root): @4 → @A
020	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
023	6C 73616C617279	txt "salary"
02A	4C 3F73616C	txt "?sal"
02F	0E 15 00 0700 030000 00 20000000 230000 00 2A000000	array leaf, size 21, shift 0, bitmap 0007, count 3 (root): @20 → @23 → @2A
044	2C 3F65	txt "?e"
047	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
04C	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
052	0E 15 00 0700 030000 00 44000000 470000 00 4C000000	array leaf, size 21, shift 0, bitmap 0007, count 3 (root): @44 → @47 → @4C
067	0E 11 00 0300 020000 00 2F000000 520000 00	array leaf, size 17, shift 0, bitmap 0003, count 2 (root): @2F → @52
078	5C 3F6E616D65	txt "?name"
07E	0E 0D 00 0100 010000 00 78000000	array leaf, size 13, shift 0, bitmap 0001, count 1 (root): @78
08B	6C 73616C617279	txt "salary"
092	02 C8000000000000 00	i64 200
09B	0F 0A 8B000000 9200 0000	map leaf, size 10: @8B → @92
0A5	1C 31	txt "1"
0A7	0F 0A A5000000 9B00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @A5 → @9B
0B1	8C 656E7469746965 73	txt "entities"
0BA	0F 0A B1000000 A700 0000	map leaf, size 10: @B1 → @A7
0C4	14 14 323032302D31 302D33305432333A 32303A32305A	txt "2020-10-30T23:20:20Z"
0DA	0F 0A C4000000 BA00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @C4 → @BA
0E4	5C 6661637473	txt "facts"
0EA	0F 0A E4000000 DA00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @E4 → @DA
0F4	4C 77697468	txt "with"
0F9	0F 0A F4000000 EA00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @F4 → @EA
103	5C 7768657265	txt "where"
109	0F 0A 03010000 6700 0000	map leaf, size 10: @103 → @67
113	4C 62696E64	txt "bind"
118	0F 0A 13010000 F900 0000	map leaf, size 10: @113 → @F9
122	4C 66696E64	txt "find"
127	0F 0A 22010000 0F00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @122 → @F
131	07 0E 01200000 1801 0000 27010000	map branch, size 14, depth 1, slots 0, 13: @118 → @127
13F	7C 6F726465724279	txt "orderBy"
147	0F 0A 3F010000 7E00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @13F → @7E
151	07 12 2A000000 0901 0000 31010000 4701 0000	map branch, size 18, depth 0 (root), slots 1, 3, 5: @109 → @131 → @147
163	51010000 00000000	root → @151; previous: none

Offset (hex)	Bytes (hex)	Meaning
000	54 52 4F 4E	magic TRON
004	3C 73616C	txt "sal"
008	02 C8000000000000 00	i64 200
011	0F 0A 04000000 0800 0000	map leaf, size 10: @4 → @8
01B	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
020	3C 416461	txt "Ada"
024	0F 0A 1B000000 2000 0000	map leaf, size 10: @1B → @20
02E	07 0E 80800000 1100 0000 24000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 7, 15: @11 → @24
03C	3C 73616C	txt "sal"
040	02 64000000000000 00	i64 100
049	0F 0A 3C000000 4000 0000	map leaf, size 10: @3C → @40
053	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
058	3C 426F62	txt "Bob"
05C	0F 0A 53000000 5800 0000	map leaf, size 10: @53 → @58
066	07 0E 80800000 4900 0000 5C000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 7, 15: @49 → @5C
074	3C 73616C	txt "sal"
078	02 5A000000000000 00	i64 90
081	0F 0A 74000000 7800 0000	map leaf, size 10: @74 → @78
08B	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
090	2C 4379	txt "Cy"
093	0F 0A 8B000000 9000 0000	map leaf, size 10: @8B → @90
09D	07 0E 80800000 8100 0000 93000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 7, 15: @81 → @93
0AB	3C 73616C	txt "sal"
0AF	02 46000000000000 00	i64 70
0B8	0F 0A AB000000 AF00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @AB → @AF
0C2	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
0C7	3C 44616E	txt "Dan"
0CB	0F 0A C2000000 C700 0000	map leaf, size 10: @C2 → @C7
0D5	07 0E 80800000 B800 0000 CB000000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 7, 15: @B8 → @CB
0E3	3C 73616C	txt "sal"
0E7	02 50000000000000 00	i64 80
0F0	0F 0A E3000000 E700 0000	map leaf, size 10: @E3 → @E7
0FA	4C 6E616D65	txt "name"
0FF	3C 457665	txt "Eve"
103	0F 0A FA000000 FF00 0000	map leaf, size 10: @FA → @FF
10D	07 0E 80800000 F000 0000 03010000	map branch, size 14, depth 0 (root), slots 7, 15: @F0 → @103
11B	0E 1D 00 1F00 050000 00 2E000000 660000 00 9D000000 D50000 00 0D010000	array leaf, size 29, shift 0, bitmap 001F, count 5 (root): @2E → @66 → @9D → @D5 → @10D
138	1B010000 00000000	root → @11B; previous: none

A value replaces the stored field, and null retracts it. A reference field uses {#link <id>}. An id that the database does not hold becomes a new entity for this query alone. Stardust writes none of these facts.

Run it#

database query · query run.